Greek philosophers often engaged in meditation as a means of achieving wisdom, self-mastery, and a deeper understanding of the universe. While their meditation practices differed from Eastern traditions, they emphasized contemplation, introspection, and disciplined thought. Figures like Pythagoras, Plato, and the Stoics practiced forms of meditation to refine their reasoning, cultivate virtue, and attain inner peace. Pythagoras, for example, encouraged his followers to engage in silent reflection at the beginning and end of each day to examine their actions and align themselves with higher truths. This form of structured introspection helped them develop self-discipline and harmony with the cosmos.
The Stoics, particularly Marcus Aurelius and Seneca, used meditation as a tool for strengthening the mind against external disturbances. They practiced premeditatio malorum, or the premeditation of evils, where they mentally prepared themselves for adversity by imagining worst-case scenarios. This exercise was not meant to induce anxiety but to foster resilience and acceptance of life’s uncertainties. Similarly, Plato’s concept of anamnesis, or the recollection of eternal truths, encouraged deep contemplation on the nature of reality and the soul. By turning their focus inward and contemplating universal principles, Greek philosophers sought wisdom and tranquility, using meditation as a bridge between rational thought and spiritual insight.